Other

Other

Other

Barns rätt till kollektivtrafik – barnperspektiv och barns perspektiv i kollektivtrafikplaneringen

Kapitel i "Rättvist resande? Villkor, utmaningar och visioner för samhällsplaneringen", Linnea Eriksson och Jens Alm

Detta kapitel diskuterar konsekvenserna av införlivandet av konventionen i svensk lagstiftning för planeringen av kollektivtrafik hos de regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna. Har barns position i kollektivtrafikplaneringen fått vind i seglen, råder det stiltje eller är det motvind? Vad gör de regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna för att uppfylla barnkonventionen? Vilka hinder finns? Sammanfattningsvis konstaterar författarna att det idag blåser medvind för ett barnperspektiv i planeringen av kollektivtrafik. Både regioner som arbetar utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv ochregioner som har ett kund- och resenärsperspektiv på barn utgår många gånger från ett barnperspektiv i planeringen, men att det är en utmaning för i stort sett alla regioner att i planeringen av kollektivtrafik involvera barnens eget perspektiv. 

Other

Inequalities in access to bike-and-ride opportunities: Findings for the city of Malmö

Zarha Hamidi, doctoral thesis, Malmö University, 2023

Intermodality or combining more than one transport mode during a single trip has been put forward to facilitate a modal shift from private car to more environmentally friendly modes such as public transport, cycling or walking. Bike-and-ride – that is, integrating cycling and public transport in one trip – is an attractive combination, as cycling as an active and clean mode is faster than walking and more affordable and flexible than other alternative modes of transport. Using cycling as a feeder mode to public transport could potentially allow people to reach more opportunities and improve their mobility, and ultimately, their well-being. Therefore, it is relevant to investigate the inequalities in access to bike-and-ride options across population groups. In this context, we suggest assessing the inequalities in bicycle access to the main transport hubs of a city by developing a composite indicator based on accessibility measures and the Theil index of inequality. This indicator captures the role of both private and public bikes – part of a Bike Sharing System (BSS) – in accessing the existing public transport system. The novelty of our approach lies in bringing the distributional justice perspective in the accessibility evaluation of transport and analysing the inequalities within and between any arbitrarily defined population groups. Moreover, in addition to travel time by bike, this accessibility measure incorporates a series of bike-related features, such as the typology of bike lanes (separated from or shared with roads), the presence of a BSS in the network, and bike facilities (e.g., parking racks) in transport hubs. The proposed methodology is applied to a real case study of the city of Malmö, Sweden, to prove its efficacy and usefulness. In particular, we examine how the level of bicycle access to the major public transport destination (including train stations and regional bus hubs) varies across the population. While considering the contextual properties of the city of Malmö, the inequalities are analysed in relation to spatial dimension and social background of the population, it is possible to extend the proposed analysis by including further features of the population, such as income or gender, and apply the same approach to different contexts.

Other

Modelling and Simulating Demand-Responsive Transport

Sergei Dytckov, Licentiate thesis, Malmö University, 2023

The main goal of this thesis is to contribute towards developing a decisionsupport method for transport analysts, planners, or decision-makers who want to evaluate the systemic effect of a DRT service such as costs, emissions and effect on society. 

The findings from the simulation experiments indicate that DRT, even in its extreme forms like fully autonomous shared taxis, does not show the level of efficiency that could result in a revolution in transportation — it is hard to compete in efficiency with conventional public transport in urban zones. However, in scenarios with lower demand levels, it could be more efficient to replace conventional buses with a DRT service when considering costs and emissions.

We also show that, when integrated with conventional public transport, DRT could help alleviate the last-mile problem by improving accessibility to long-distance lines. Additionally, if car users are attracted to public transport with the help of DRT, there is a potential to significantly reduce the total level of emissions. The simulation results indicate that the proposed simulation method can be applied for the evaluation of DRT. The implementation of trip planning combining DRT and conventional public transport is a major contribution of this thesis. We show that the integration between services may be important for the efficiency of the service, especially when considering the sustainability aspects. 

Other

Not all green innovations are created equal: Consumer innovativeness and motivations in the adoption of shared micromobility

Phil Flores, Doctoral thesis, Lund University, 2023
The purpose of this thesis is to understand how consumer innovativeness and motivations relate to the decision to adopt green innovations. This thesis examines two forms of green transport innovations, shared e-bikes and e-scooters, which are part of the shared micromobility phenomenon. The penetration of shared micromobility into the market is estimated to increase in the upcoming years, and increasing interest in its use has become evident. However, there are controversies surrounding its impact on society, partly due to how the vehicles are used. This raises questions concerning who the consumers are and what motivates them to use this mode of transport. I employed two cross-sectional surveys to investigate how domain-specific innovativeness and motivations influenced the decision to adopt shared e-bikes and e-scooters. I demonstrate the relevance of the use of two domain-specific innovativeness (transport innovativeness and eco-innovativeness) and four different motivations (instrumental, environmental, hedonic, and social motivations). Specifically, transport innovativeness and eco-innovativeness were positively correlated with decisions to use shared e-bikes and e-scooters. Hedonic motivations had the strongest effects, while social motivations had the weakest, if not insignificant, impact. Environmental motivations were positively significant when other motivations were not considered, but these effects became negative when instrumental and hedonic motivations were taken into account. I also show the differences in these factors between users and non-users, as well as between shared e-bike users and shared e-scooter users. As expected, users had a higher level of transport innovativeness and eco-innovativeness. Users and non-users also differed in their perceptions of the environmental, hedonic, symbolic, and instrumental benefits of shared e-bikes and e-scooters, with users being more sensitive to these benefits. Theoretically, this thesis creates a more nuanced understanding of the diffusion of innovations by showing that products are not limited to only one domain. In addition, it outlines similarities and differences in consumer motivations between two comparable and emergent innovations that are purportedly green. This thesis shows that, although shared e-bikes and e-scooters are promoted similarly, consumer motivations for their adoption can still differ. Of note, this thesis helps to explain why some green innovations could become controversial due to their users’ motivations. Practically, this thesis could help to formulate short- and long-term strategies for shared micromobility providers and policies for transport agencies and city planners. It could also help to understand the environmental impact of shared micromobility and how it could potentially address transport-related environmental problems.
 
 
Other

Improving the Efficiency of Public Procurement: Empirical evidence using micro-level contract data

Ivan Ridderstedt, Doctoral thesis, KTH, September 2023

Bland OECD-länder allokeras nära en tredjedel av offentliga sektorns utgifter genom offentlig upphandling. Detta innebär att offentliga myndigheters förmåga att hantera upphandlingsformatet har en betydande påverkan på hur mycket de, och den offentliga sektorn i stort, uppnår i relation till sina mål och ansvarsområden. Denna avhandling syftar till att ge nya insikter om hur offentliga upphandlare kan uppnå mer för pengarna genom förbättringar av hur de utformar sina kontrakt och auktioner. I synnerhet undersöks hur effektiviteten kan påverkas av följande tre aspekter: metoden för anbudsutvärdering (tilldelningsmekanismen), om objekt upphandlas separat eller är grupperade till större kontrakt, samt skillnader i hur olika upphandlare specificerar aktiviteter och mängder i ett givet fall.

I avhandlingen ingår fyra artiklar som analyserar detaljerad kontraktsinformation från svenska upphandlingar av vägreinvesteringar och kollektiv busstrafik. Denna information har samlats in från förfrågningsunderlag för ett stort antal kontrakt inom respektive verksamhet. Det sammanställda mikrodatamaterialet har möjliggjort såväl detaljerade kartläggningar av hur upphandlingarna har utformats som statistisk analys av samband mellan upphandlarens agerande och utfallet. Medan artiklarna främst är fokuserade på resultat och implikationer angående deras respektive forskningsfråga, förs i avhandlingens kappa en mer generell diskussion om kvantitativ mikroanalys inom upphandlingsområdet. Detta svarar mot ett kompletterande syfte med avhandlingen, vilket är att bidra till välinformerade beslut angående om och hur upphandlande myndigheter bör främja analyser av detta slag.

Två av artiklarna undersöker i vilken utsträckning och hur Trafikverket kan förbättra sin effektivitet i sin upphandling av vägreinvesteringar, efter att prioriteringen av objekt redan är gjord. Trafikverket upphandlar årligen dessa arbeten för omkring 2 miljarder kronor. Om bättre upphandlingsmetoder skulle innebära att samma arbeten kan upphandlas för 5% lägre kostnad, skulle cirka 100 miljoner kronor årligen frigöras för ytterligare åtgärder. Artiklarna indikerar att effektiviseringspotentialen är större än så. Resultaten stödjer Trafikverkets policy att gruppera liknande och närliggande åtgärder men implicerar att kontrakten generellt inte är tillräckligt stora för att fullt ut dra nytta av stordriftsfördelarna. En slutsats är att det är motiverat för Trafikverket att i högre grad beakta förutsättningarna för effektiv gruppering av åtgärder vid beslutet om när en åtgärd genomförs.

De andra två artiklarna undersöker hur de regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna (RKM) har implementerat tilldelningsmekanismen bästa förhållande mellan pris och kvalitet (BPK) samt dess effektivitet. Detta alternativ till lägsta pris och högsta kvalitet förespråkas inom EU:s upphandlingslagstiftning och är dominerande i många länder. Forskningslitteraturen som undersöker hur väl myndigheter implementerar BPK är dock begränsad i omfattning och mycket fragmenterad. Den ena artikeln visar att BPK är vanligt förekommande i svenska upphandlingar av kollektiv busstrafik men också att det är stora skillnader mellan olika RKM vad gäller om och hur de har tillämpat denna tilldelningsmekanism. Utifrån ekonomisk teori har flera tillämpningar har icke-fördelaktiga och troligtvis ej avsedda egenskaper. Den andra artikeln på detta tema utnyttjar att en RKM varierat mellan prestationsfokuserad BPK och lägsta pris över tid, och dessutom kunde tillhandahålla data på ett relevant och tillförlitligt utfallsmått. Baserat på 30 månaders observationer på uppmätt punktlighet påvisas ingen skillnad i utförarens prestation mellan lägsta pris och en BPK. Slutsatsen är att förespråkandet av BPK inte i tillräckligt hög grad ackompanjeras av vägledning om när och hur denna mekanism bör användas.

Avhandlingens kappa belyser hur mikrodata på kontraktsnivå möjliggör för analyser som beaktar skillnader i förutsättningar mellan olika upphandlingar och slumpmässig variation. I analyserna av vägreinvesteringar beaktas kontraktens och de åtgärdade vägsegmentens karaktär, och i analysen av busstrafikens punktlighet beaktas flertalet aspekter av det specifika trafikuppdraget. På så vis kan kvantitativ mikroanalys ge tillförlitliga kvantifieringar av hur kostnader och kvalitet påverkas av upphandlarens agerande, med hänsyn tagen till de externa förutsättningarna. Många av dessa samband kan antas vara alltför komplexa för att en individuell bedömning ska vara tillförlitlig, även om den individen är mycket kunnig och erfaren. Avhandlingen understryker dock att även kvantitativ analys kan ge vilseledande resultat om datamaterialet inte är tillräckligt bra, exempelvis om urvalet är för litet eller relevanta aspekter inte fångas.

En central poäng i avhandlingen är att det standardiserade och rigida upphandlingsförfarandet skapar goda förutsättningar för insamling av användbara upphandlingsdata. Potentialen för detta har dock i stort förblivit outnyttjad av myndigheterna själva. I stället har dessa data främst sammanställts inom enskilda forsknings- och utredningsprojekt, där till och med insamlingen av förfrågningsunderlag varit ett påtagligt hinder. I Sverige har Trafikverkets informationshantering och kostnadskontroll fått återkommande kritik. Trafikverket är dock långt ifrån värst i klassen i dessa frågor, utan kritiken speglar främst myndighetens position som en av Sveriges största upphandlare. En övergripande slutsats i avhandlingen är att myndigheter bör ta en mer aktiv roll i arbetet med att förbättra hur upphandlingsdata på kontraktsnivå samlas in och hanteras. Särskilt behövs välstrukturerad arkivering av förfrågningsunderlag samt system för att följa hur kontraktens kostnader och innehåll förändras efter att de har tilldelats. För mindre myndigheter är det rimligt att denna utveckling samordnas eller drivs av en centraliserad funktion. Trafikverket, å andra sidan, har goda förutsättningar för att ta en ledande roll i att finna och sprida framgångsrika arbetssätt inom detta område. I slutändan är det myndigheternas styrande organ som har ansvaret att instruera och följa upp förbättringar inom detta område, eftersom myndigheter inte sätter sina egna agendor.

Other

Public Participation in Transport in Times of Change

Lisa Hansson, Claus Hedegaard Sørensen & Tom Rye, Transport and Sustainability, Vol: 18, 2023

The role and agency of the public is often a minor consideration for researchers, authorities, and other experts evaluating policy goals, strategies, and instruments within the transport sector. Public Participation in Transport in Times of Change analyses and discusses different forms of participation, challenges, and lessons to be learned across the field.

Chapters discuss various forms of public participation in connection to sustainable mobility, transport planning, policy packaging, health, infrastructure, and active travel, creating a comprehensive analysis relevant for both practitioners and researchers who operate within the transport field.

The Transport and Sustainability series addresses the important nexus between transport and sustainability containing volumes dealing with a wide range of issues relating to transport, its impact in economic, social, and environmental spheres, and its interaction with other policy sectors.

Other

Sustainability in practice: A governmentality study about transit‐oriented development in rural areas

Freja Lina Huhle, master thesis, Malmö University, 2021

As a response to meet climate targets, transit-oriented development is seen as a tool in Swedish regional development to decrease car dependency. By national infrastructural investments in new train stations, small municipalities are expected to continue the transit-oriented development by plan dense areas with housing in connection to the new train stations. Previous research has shown that sustainable development plans are hard to implement, and that there is a lack of research about the processual dimension of implementing transit-oriented development plans, especially in rural areas. The aim of the thesis is to scrutinise the conditions in which these plans are supposed to be put into place at a municipal level, and in what way municipal interest affect to the implementation. The research question is asking how sustainable development is enacted in practice from the example of transit-oriented developmentin rural areas close to bigger cities. The chosen case studies are two neighbouring municipalities in Västra Götaland region that got new train stations in 2012, according to the planning norm of TOD and due to being located in a designated transport corridor. The empirical data consist of five comprehensive plans and interviews with six municipal politicians. By using a theoretical framework of governmentality studies the rationalities and underlying assumptions that makes the certain enactment of the plans intelligible are analysed. The result show that there are different logics behind the implementation of transit-oriented development plans at the regional and at the municipal level. The rationalities to implement the municipal plans conflict with the stated aim of the plans. When striving for a bigger tax base, the municipalities build housing that attract middle class families, which are the opposite of the dense development close to the train stations that are the goal of the regional plans. Because of interurban competition for a certain population, a sustainable development though transitoriented development can be hard to implement.

Other

Simulating the Punctuality Impacts of Early Freight Train Departures

Johansson, I., Palmqvist, C.W. & Sipilä, H. Conference paper submitted to World Congress on Railway Research 2022, Birmingham, UK.

Railway traffic usually adheres to a timetable, but in Sweden, around two-thirds of the freight trains depart before they are scheduled, often by hours. Even though they occur in real operations, early departures have rarely been included in simulation studies and the effects on punctuality are not fully investigated. With a macroscopic simulation tool such as PROTON, large networks can be simulated in a short time, which makes the simulation process easier. This paper uses the tool PROTON to perform a macroscopic simulation case study on the Swedish Western mainline to investigate how early departures of freight trains affect punctuality. The resulting output is a marginal overall punctuality improvement of about +0.5 percentage points. In addition, different levels of primary run time and dwell time delays have been used as simulation input, based on empirical data. The resulting ratio between primary and secondary delays appears to vary greatly between different train types, but overall about 30% were primary and 70% secondary. Future work includes modelling and calibration of departure deviations, which vary more between different train types, and where it is more difficult to separate between primary and secondary delays. Separating distributions based on train type or location will also be considered.

Other

Why getting people in the same room isn’t enough - Organizational proximity and learning in public transport innovation

Mats Fred, Dalia Mukhtar-Landgren, Lina Berglund-Snodgrass and Alexander Paulsson. In: Experimentation for sustainable transport? Risks, strengths and governance implications (pp. 59).

This chapter focuses on the governance and management of innovation processes. The authors note that innovation processes are often collaborative endeavours with a multitude of actors, expertise, ideas, and wills involved, and they discuss different types of proximities that are understood to support learning and innovation. There is a common tendency to emphasise physical proximity in processes of innovation, but other types of proximities such as cognitive, institutional, or social proximity (or distances) are also important. A key conclusion from the chapter is the need for public actors to focus more on the why of innovation.

Other

Micromobility – Regulatory Challenges and Opportunities

Nils Fearnley, 2020, Chapter in: Paulsson, A. and Sørensen, C.H. (Ed.) Shaping Smart Mobility Futures: Governance and Policy Instruments in times of Sustainability Transitions, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, pp. 169-186.

Shared, dockless micromobility is causing concern across the globe. The phenomenon started with shared bikes and e-bikes. More recently, e-scooters (or electric kickbikes), the focus of this chapter, have flooded cities in unprecedented speed and volume – and have caught virtually every city and competent authority off guard. The failure of current regulatory frameworks to address new challenges posed by e-scooters is explored. This chapter first briefly describes major developments of the shared e-scooter market. It then presents rationales for, and to some extent against, e-scooter regulation as well as policy tools available for e-scooter regulation. E-scooters open the door for new and innovative – and potentially efficient – ways to regulate, including geofencing, zoning, mandatory data sharing and mandatory cooperation. Against this backdrop, the chapter discusses regulatory dilemmas, challenges, opportunities and possibilities.