Övrigt

Railway traffic usually adheres to a timetable, but in Sweden, around two-thirds of the freight trains depart before they are scheduled, often by hours. Even though they occur in real operations, early departures have rarely been included in simulation studies and the effects on punctuality are not fully investigated. With a macroscopic simulation tool such as PROTON, large networks can be simulated in a short time, which makes the simulation process easier. This paper uses the tool PROTON to perform a macroscopic simulation case study on the Swedish Western mainline to investigate how early departures of freight trains affect punctuality. The resulting output is a marginal overall punctuality improvement of about +0.5 percentage points. In addition, different levels of primary run time and dwell time delays have been used as simulation input, based on empirical data. The resulting ratio between primary and secondary delays appears to vary greatly between different train types, but overall about 30% were primary and 70% secondary. Future work includes modelling and calibration of departure deviations, which vary more between different train types, and where it is more difficult to separate between primary and secondary delays. Separating distributions based on train type or location will also be considered.

This chapter focuses on the governance and management of innovation processes. The authors note that innovation processes are often collaborative endeavours with a multitude of actors, expertise, ideas, and wills involved, and they discuss different types of proximities that are understood to support learning and innovation. There is a common tendency to emphasise physical proximity in processes of innovation, but other types of proximities such as cognitive, institutional, or social proximity (or distances) are also important. A key conclusion from the chapter is the need for public actors to focus more on the why of innovation.

Ökad miljömedvetenhet, växande klimatpåverkan och en fortsatt teknologisk utveckling gör att demand responsive transportation (DRT), ses som ett allt mer attraktivt alternativ till traditionell kollektivtrafik för att resa hållbart. Den här uppsatsen undersöker vilka skillnader det finns med DRT-implementationer på landsbygd jämfört med i stadsmiljö, samt vilken roll interaktivitet mellan operatör och resenär kan spela för ett DRT-systems effektivitet. För att svara på detta används en systematisk litteraturstudie och två fallstudier. Resultaten visar att DRT generellt lämpar sig bättre för landsbygd än i stadsmiljö och att DRT fungerar bättre som ett komplement till traditionell kollektivtrafik än som ersättning av den. DRTs potentiella roll i samhället och möjliga framtida forskningsriktningar presenteras och diskuteras.

Shared, dockless micromobility is causing concern across the globe. The phenomenon started with shared bikes and e-bikes. More recently, e-scooters (or electric kickbikes), the focus of this chapter, have flooded cities in unprecedented speed and volume – and have caught virtually every city and competent authority off guard. The failure of current regulatory frameworks to address new challenges posed by e-scooters is explored. This chapter first briefly describes major developments of the shared e-scooter market. It then presents rationales for, and to some extent against, e-scooter regulation as well as policy tools available for e-scooter regulation. E-scooters open the door for new and innovative – and potentially efficient – ways to regulate, including geofencing, zoning, mandatory data sharing and mandatory cooperation. Against this backdrop, the chapter discusses regulatory dilemmas, challenges, opportunities and possibilities.

Det övergripande syftet med studien var att utforska skillnader i erfarenheter och upplevda hinder i kollektivtrafiken mellan personer med neuropsykiatrisk diagnos (NPF) och personer som inte har en NPF-diagnos. Ytterligare ett syfte var att studera i vilken omfattning NPF och upplevelser av kollektivtrafik har studerats tidigare och vad forskningen har visat. En litteraturstudie och en enkätstudie har genomförts. Enkäten visar att personer med NPF upplever fler svårigheter med kollektivtrafiken jämfört med personer utan diagnos. De är mer beroende av kollektivtrafik för dagligt resande och känner sig oftare trötta på grund av att de har åkt kollektivtrafik. De undviker att resa med kollektivtrafiken i högre utsträckning och stannar hemma från arbete och skola på grund av hur de upplever det. Folkmassor, ljud och lukter är de vanligaste förekommande hindren. Respondenter med NPF uppger att de ofta eller mycket ofta oroar sig för olika situationer såsom att inte få en sittplats ombord, att servicen inte anländer på utsatt tid samt att det strular med betalningen. Studien visar att NPF begränsar tillgänglighet med kollektivtrafik då resor undviks på grund av att det innebär konsekvenser som trötthet, oro, stress och sensoriska överstimuli. Kollektivtrafikens service och organisering är inte anpassad för personer med sociala svårigheter, sensorisk överkänslighet och svårigheter med planering och organisering. Studien ger förslag på åtgärder och vidare forskning som kan underlätta transportsituationen för personer med NPF.

Smartphone apps are an increasingly important part of public transport and can be seen as part of the travel experience. Personalisation of the app is one aspect of the experience that, for example, can give travellers a possibility to save favourite journeys for easy access. However, such a list of journeys can be extensive and inaccurate if it does not consider the traveller's context. Making an app context aware can transform the app experience in a personal direction, especially for commuters. By using historical personal contextual data, a travel app can present probable journeys or accurately predict and present an upcoming journey with departure times. The predictions can take place when the app is started or be used to remind a commuter when it is time to leave in order to catch a regularly travelled bus or train.

To investigate this we created an technological probe (an Android app) that implements the machine learning paradigm Machine Teaching. In machine teaching the end user defines what the machine should learn. We used the contextual parameters weekday, time, activity and location as input so we can predict a user’s upcoming journey. Predictions are made when the app starts and departure times for the most probable transport are presented to the commuter. In the work we present here, we mainly focus on how to teach the machine learning agent in an easy manner. Our aim is to give the commuter a possibility to initiate a machine teaching session at any time, add teaching data and evaluate the results of the prediction

The differences between type and share of renewable fuel in Swedish public bus transport is large today. A previous study showed that the differences between regions could possibly be related to regional context and choice of strategic approach. Therefore, the aim of this study is to further analyse the strategic approach for implementation of renewable fuel in ten Swedish transport regions, looking at how actors in the regions experience the challenges and opportunities with use of green public procurement as a tool to implement renewable fuels in relation to economical, geographical, organisational and political factors. The findings from this study confirms that functional requirements is the most cost efficient way to introduce renewable fuels, but at the same time it always results in the cheapest fuel, which today is biodiesel. If a region instead wants to create a market for production, use or infrastructure for a fuel such as biogas, they either have to use specific requirements or own the traffic themselves.

Syftet med denna rapport är att presentera resultat från forskningsprojektet Offentlig upphandling som styrmedel för att främja spridning och användning av förnybara drivmedel, där vi har analyserat hur grön offentlig upphandling har använts inom transportsektorn. Rapporten bygger på två delstudier. I den första delstudien analyseras hur kommunerna Malmö och Östersund ställer krav på miljöbilar och elbilar i sin interna upphandling av tjänstebilar. I den andra delstudien jämförs upphandlingen av busstrafik i Skåne och Jämtland och analyseras hur de två regionerna ställer krav i upphandlingen för att stödja införandet av förnybara drivmedel. Metoden som används är komparativa fallstudier av kommunerna Malmö och Östersund, samt regionerna Skåne och Jämtland. Det empiriska underlaget för studierna består av en kombination av dokumentstudier och semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer. I Malmö och Östersund gjordes fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med upphandlare och miljöstrateger. I Skåne och Jämtland gjordes åtta intervjuer med upphandlare, kollektivtrafikstrateger, politiker och representanter från privata transportoperatörer.

This thesis addresses the demand for more knowledge regarding regional public transport (between urban areas or to and from rural areas). More specifically, the aim is to develop a better understanding of the effects of different service planning decisions in terms of different trade-offs and their impacts on the overarching objectives of public transport provision. The studied trade-offs concern, for example, stop spacing in rural areas and the distribution of departures between peak hours and periods of lower travel demand.

The thesis includes four research papers with different orientations relative to the overarching aim. The first paper is a literature review that explores preferences in regional public transport and how different quality attributes influence modal choice, demand, and customer satisfaction. The other three papers contain in-depth studies of some regional rail, coach, and bus services in the southern Swedish region of Scania, employing different research setups and statistical analyses to enable detailed examination of some important aspects of the service planning trade-offs.

The results suggest that the trade-offs can be more complex than they may seem. For instance, stop spacing is commonly debated and assessed as a trade-off between travel time and spatial coverage. However, the results of this thesis demonstrate that stop spacing on regional bus services is not so much about travel time as it is about reliability. This is particularly evident for rural bus stops where buses rarely need to stop to pick up or drop off passengers. Also, the coverage aspect of the trade-off is complex, as higher service quality extends the catchment areas around the stops, not least by increasing the use of bicycles and cars as access modes. Regarding the distribution of departures between peak and off-peak periods, the results of this thesis show that reasonable off-peak service levels are valuable not only for providing possibilities to access activities beyond school and work, but also for attracting new patronage. Despite low patronage levels on some off-peak departures, such departures may contribute substantially to the overall patronage.

The main contribution of the thesis is twofold. First, it sheds light on the balancing act that public transport service planning entails. Second, it highlights the regional perspective and shows that the differences between local and regional public transport affect the trade-offs that exist at the core of service planning. 

The overarching ambition of this book is to generate dialogue between research and practice around the phenomenon of experimentation, its prospects, and limitations in terms of sustainable transport transformations. It seeks to communicate key insights, themes, and questions from current research for public actors with key roles in governing the transport system to reach goals of sustainable transport and mobility.

The book seeks to highlight and discuss the following questions:

• What are the strengths of experimentation? What prospects can it bring for sustainable transport and mobility?
• What are the limits of experimentation?
• What can it not bring, and what are the risks involved?
• What are the governance implications, in light of the need for a rapid transformation to sustainable transport and mobility systems?

To realise this aim we include chapters from researchers from Sweden and the UK researching various aspects of experimentation as well as key take aways from current research to practitioners.